Middleware and integration layers that connect enterprise systems that weren't designed to talk to each other, SAP, Oracle E-Business Suite, Salesforce, Workday, Microsoft Dynamics, and third-party vendor APIs, so data flows between systems without manual re-entry or scheduled exports that arrive a day late. Integration patterns chosen per use case: REST API polling with incremental timestamp queries for systems that expose APIs, event-driven webhooks where systems support real-time notifications, Kafka-based event streaming for high-volume bidirectional sync where ordering and replay matter, and scheduled ETL for systems that only export batch files. Transformation logic maps field formats, data types, and business entity representations between systems, an "Account" in Salesforce and a "Customer" in your ERP are the same entity with different field structures, and the transformation layer maintains that mapping as both systems evolve. Error handling with dead letter queues: failed integration events are captured with the original payload, error reason, and retry count so they can be investigated and replayed manually without data loss. Integration health monitoring dashboard shows: events processed per hour per pipeline, current queue depth, failed events requiring attention, and last successful sync timestamp, giving your IT team visibility into what's flowing and what's blocked without reading log files.