The workflow engine that coordinates every automated step, every human task, and every system call in a single process definition. Business rules encoded once in the orchestration layer, routing logic, approval thresholds, escalation timers, SLA deadlines, and enforced consistently across every case without relying on individual process participants to remember the rules.
Orchestration implementation: Apache Airflow for complex multi-step DAGs with dependency management and scheduled triggers; Temporal.io for long-running workflows (days to weeks) with durable execution and automatic retry on failure; custom Python or Node.js orchestration for simpler processes that don't require a full workflow platform. Workflow definitions stored as code in version-controlled repositories, workflow changes are reviewed, tested, and deployed like application code, not configured in a GUI that bypasses change management.
Routine case automation: the happy path (complete, valid data, no approval threshold triggered) executes end-to-end without human involvement. For a P2P (procure-to-pay) process, this means: invoice received via email → OCR extraction → PO matching → three-way match (invoice/PO/goods receipt) → auto-approval (under £500 threshold) → AP system posting → payment scheduled → all in under 3 minutes from email receipt.
Exception routing with full context: when a case requires human intervention, the orchestrator creates a task in the exception queue with the full case state, all documents attached, all prior automated steps logged with their output, the specific exception reason (PO mismatch, over-threshold amount, new vendor not in master), and the decision required. The human resolves one decision, not the entire case.
SLA management: each process step has a configurable SLA (e.g., manual approval step: 4 hours). The orchestrator monitors elapsed time and escalates at 50% of SLA (reminder), 100% of SLA (escalation to manager), and 150% of SLA (escalation to director). Escalation routing defined in the process configuration, not hardcoded, changing who escalation goes to during holiday periods is a configuration change, not a code change.